Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• sample preparation, measurement and data evaluation, including all relevant steps, are briefly described here, a more elaborate description of the cross section method (M1) can be found in literature [21]. Methods M2 and M3 used for sample preparation, image acquisition, and image processing are the same

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• , we only evaluated samples on Si. AFM imaging was used to check and subsequently analyze the irradiated samples. The imaging was performed in air using a Dimension Icon AFM (Bruker) in ScanAsyst mode which employs PeakForce Tapping Technology and ScanAsyst probes (40 kHz, 0.4 N/m). Image processing

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• contact angles of the electrospun scaffolds were measured using a Samsung FACED camera (Korea). A drop of bidistilled water was placed on the flat surface of the electrospun scaffold and then a digital image of the drop was taken for measuring the value of the contact angle using an image processing

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• contact mode using commercial silicon probes (MikroMasch, HQ:NSC35/AlBs or HQ:NSC36/AlBs). For each sample, nine different 5 μm × 5 μm fields were chosen at random and scanned at 0.5 Hz with 500 pixels/line (lateral resolution of 10 nm/pixel). Image processing (line and plane corrections) and flake

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• (Hitachi S-4800, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a cryopreparation system (Gatan ALTO 2500, Gatan, Inc., Abingdon, UK) at 3 kV accelerating voltage. Image processing SEM images were processed using Gimp, version 2.10.14. All adjustments were applied to the whole image. Color

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• opposite is true. Two methods for thresholding have been implemented, an automated one using Otsu’s method [23] and a heuristic one, based on visual inspection of the result. While Otsu’s method is a well-established technique in image processing, the other method based on the visual inspection depends

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• capping layer from the nanocrystal and perform image processing on a squire containing two particles protruding under vacuum using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. For this purpose, a reduced fast Fourier transform (FFT) of a region containing two SPION@bPEI crystal particles protrude

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• lines during subsequent image processing. In some cases, such as when high protrusions are adjacent to flat areas, this fitting will give poor results. Using VM yields high-quality raw images that do not require post-processing. Figure 2e and Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1 illustrate this

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• acceleration voltage to record the TEM images. The grid preparation and image processing were performed as stated above for SEM. AFM AFM was performed with a Multimode quadrex SPM with Nanoscope IIIe controller (Veeco Instrument Inc) operated under ambient conditions to determine the particle size using the

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• each object in the image. When used for image processing, traditional machine learning algorithms analyze images either by flattening the data to 1D vectors, or by extracting features one-by-one and transforming them to 1D vectors. This leads to a loss of information of the neighborhood of a given

• pixel, and in some cases to an extremely inefficient use of computer resources. Therefore, these image processing techniques require expertise in the specific discipline to identify the important features characterizing the categories, and to then extract them from the images [13][14][15][16]. These

• standard image processing techniques, kernel filters exist for functions such as edge detection, edge enhancement, noise reduction, and smoothing. In contrast, in CNNs, the parameters of the filters are not known a priori and the CNN model learns the best parameters during the training process to extract

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• acceleration voltage of 5 kV utilizing the in-lens detector. Software and method The automated image processing and analysis to determine the nanoparticle size distributions was performed by using the ImageJ 1.47v software. The workflow involved the application of a particle segmentation algorithm, which uses

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

• Ata Jedari Golparvar and
• Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

• . For example, although camera-based eye tracking setups solve the invasivity issue and display long-term functionality, they are hardly affordable due to their hardware (e.g., camera) and image processing requirements. Additionally, in videooculography, the camera has to be positioned at a location

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• at 300 kV in the STEM bright-field mode. The details regarding the HRTEM equipment and the experimental techniques used were described elsewhere [58][59]. Image processing was performed using the Digital Micrograph (Gatan, USA) and TIA (FEI, USA) software. Image processing The electron micrographs

Band tail state related photoluminescence and photoresponse of ZnMgO solid solution nanostructured films

• Vadim Morari,
• Aida Pantazi,
• Nicolai Curmei,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Emil V. Rusu,
• Marius Enachescu,
• Ion M. Tiginyanu and
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 899–910, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.75

• tapping mode with a SOLVER Next (NT-MDT) instrument equipped with cone-shaped tips from monocrystalline silicon (tip radius ≈ 10 nm) on cantilevers with a stiffness of about 17 N/m. The root mean square (RMS) roughness parameters were calculated from the acquired topographic images using image processing

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• (Figure 5, Figure 8, Figure 9). Popt is defined per unit of surface by taking into account the laser beam diameter. Image processing and processing of the spectroscopic data The WsXM software [42] was used to process the SPM images. Semi-automated data processing routines were also developed using the

A novel method to remove impulse noise from atomic force microscopy images based on Bayesian compressed sensing

• Yingxu Zhang,
• Yingzi Li,
• Zihang Song,
• Zhenyu Wang,
• Jianqiang Qian and
• Junen Yao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2346–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.225

• proposed method is robust and its performance is not influenced by the noise density in a certain range. Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); Bayesian compressed sensing; denoising; image processing; impulse noise; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool in the fields of

Ion mobility and material transport on KBr in air as a function of the relative humidity

• Dominik J. Kirpal,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer,
• Alfred J. Weymouth and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2084–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.203

• amplitude A = 500 pm and a frequency-shift set point of Δf = +10 to +25 Hz. Data and image processing was performed with MATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc.) and WSxM [28]. Results and Discussion Initial experiments with poking holes This experiment shall investigate qualitatively how the material transport rate

Nanoarchitectonics meets cell surface engineering: shape recognition of human cells by halloysite-doped silica cell imprints

• Elvira Rozhina,
• Ilnur Ishmukhametov,
• Svetlana Batasheva,
• Farida Akhatova and
• Rawil Fakhrullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.176

• equipped with a fluorite 100× objective and Dage xL (Dage-MTI) CCD camera. Images were obtained using Exponent 7 software (Dage-MTI). The dark-field images were overlapped with transmission fluorescence images using the image processing software GIMP. Cell proliferative activity was examined by flow

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• examination and the images were recorded with a Spot RT Slider camera (Diagnostic Instruments, Sterling Heights, MI, USA). The image processing was performed in Adobe Photoshop 6.0. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was carried out using DellTM StatisticaTM 13.2 software (StatSoft, Tulsa, USA). The

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• e/nm2 at 200 kV. The images were digitally recorded by a CCD camera (Ultrascan 1000, Gatan) using an image processing system (GMS 1.9 software, Gatan). In addition, the size distribution of the nanoparticles was performed by measuring 1000 nanoparticles for each cryo-TEM image by the digital

Ultraviolet patterns of flowers revealed in polymer replica – caused by surface architecture

• Anna J. Schulte,
• Matthias Mail,
• Lisa A. Hahn and
• Wilhelm Barthlott

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 459–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.45

• injection resin (RECKLI Injektionsharz EP, RECKLI GmbH, Herne, Germany). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Images were recorded using a Cambridge Stereoscan 200 SEM (Zeiss GmbH, Oberkochen, Germany). A digital image processing system (DISS 5, Version 5.4.17.0, Point Electronic GmbH, Halle, Germany) was

In situ characterization of nanoscale contaminations adsorbed in air using atomic force microscopy

• Jesús S. Lacasa,
• Lisa Almonte and
• Jaime Colchero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2925–2935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.271

• kHz. Further details of how DAFM and Kelvin probe microscopy (KPM) [14] are implemented in our experiments is described elsewhere [42][50][51][52]. WSxM software was used for image processing [56]. Typically, a plane filter was applied to topography images; no filter is applied to the electrostatic

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• cells were treated with 2.5 to 50 µg mL−1 for 24 h under cell culture conditions. Viable cells were quantified by digital image processing (phase analysis). The data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5 independent experiments) given as the percentage of the control (cells cultured without nanoparticles

High-throughput micro-nanostructuring by microdroplet inkjet printing

• Hendrikje R. Neumann and
• Christine Selhuber-Unkel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2372–2380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.222

• .). Image processing was carried out with JPK SPM Data Processing. (A) Schematic representation of the operational principle of the Fuji Dimatix DMP-2800 printing head. 4 mL of gold-loaded micelle solution (BMCL) is stored in the cartridge storage unit that is connected to the cartridge head. Via the

• all nanoparticles, the particle analyzer was used (included in ImageJ) and the image was converted to a binary image. Finally, a freely accessible nearest-neighbor detection algorithm was employed for the determination of the nanoparticle distances [36]. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and image

• processing Atomic force microscopy (AFM) topographic imaging was employed to measure the roughness of the samples. Imaging was performed on a JPK NanoWizard 3 (JPK Instruments AG) operated in ac mode using ACTA cantilevers (spring constant ≈40 N/m, resonance frequency ≈300 kHz; Applied NanoStructuresInc